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Two Factor Theory
Herzberg in 1966 conducted a study on Motivation and
tried to find out
- The times when he felt exceptionally happy about
his job.
- The times when he felt exceptionally bad about his
job.
The interviews were then content analysed to see
- What kind of things were mentioned when they described
the times they were very satisfied with the job.
- What kind of things were mentioned when they described
the times they were very dissatisfied with the job.
- If the factors described in these two circumstances
would be the same or different.
It was
found that the factors contributing towards dissatisfaction
were different but not the same. That’s why it is known
as the “Two Factor Theory” of motivation. The provision
of a certain factor leads to satisfaction and it’s absence
leads to dissatisfaction. To us money is both satisfier
as well as dissatisfier according to its availability
and non-availability. But according to the two-factor
theory a factor is predominantly satisfier or dissatisfier
not both. Factor which satisfy are the motivators and
factors those dissatisfy cannot motivate they are called
maintenance or hygiene factors.
| MOTIVATORS |
HYGIENE |
| Achievements |
Company Policy
and Administration |
| Recognition |
Supervision |
| Nature of
Work |
Supervision |
| Responsibility |
Interpersonal
Relations |
| Advancement |
Working Conditions |
Hygiene
factors are the factors that provide the background
on which the people work but not with motivation and
this can dissatisfy them.
Maximum dissatisfaction : ---------------- : No dissatisfaction
When the working conditions
are bad dissatisfaction will be more but it will go
on decreasing as the conditions start improving and
a stage will come when the conditions would be ideal
and there will be no dissatisfaction. If the conditions
are further improved the employees will be satisfied
and they will be fully motivated.
But still the best working
conditions are to be maintained to avoid de-motivation
of the employees and so to seek this pleasure one has
to make separate efforts. Thus hygiene factors play
a significant role in maintaining high levels of motivation.
Motivators constitute
another continuum that extends from no satisfaction
to maximum satisfaction.
No satisfaction : --------------- : Maximum satisfaction.
In the absence of motivators
like interesting work, responsibility, recognition etc
a person will not be satisfied but will not be dissatisfied
either. He is in a state of no satisfaction and no dissatisfaction.
These are the factors that are intrinsic to the job
but are capable to satisfy a person if adequate provision
is provided to them Such as:
- The need to avoid pain
- The need to seek pleasure
Need to
avoid pain may result into pain reduction whereas the
need to seek pleasure will result into growth and development
hence towards positive satisfaction. This theory makes
the management to think that employees won’t work to
their optimum if the management continues to concentrate
on money only.
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